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ARDUSAT ARTICLE

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Abstract 

Ardusat is an Arduino-based satellite which is having dimensions of 10 by 10 by 10 cm the exterior material i.e the body of the satellite is made up of 3D printing like PLA (polylactic acid). The aim of this mission is that one can understand the atmospheric conditions in the stratosphere of earth. This mission is going to take place by the use of a weather balloon which will take the satellite up to the altitude of 20 to 25 km. The satellite is taking some seeds which are having low germination rate so that during the period of a few hours the different atmospheric parameters would start their effect on the seeds and due to that there might be different results that can be seen by the seeds after there germination and it would be noticeable when the plant grows this will take us to the that how the future of space farming is. The payload weight of the satellite will not be more than 2kg and the material by which the weather balloon is made up of Latex. There are numerous amount of sensors attached to the satellite so that we can get the exact data and also a cmos camera is attached so that satellite can take video and photos .

INTRODUCTION

The fundamental purpose of this mission is to promote the understanding of space biology by calculating and comparing the germination rate of seeds through an ARDUSAT (Arduino based CubeSat) to ensure development of space farming, long distance space travel for agriculture also to find solutions to the problem to which seeds get exposed in space and to ensure a sustainable development of mankind. The Germination of seeds generally depends on factors like water, oxygen, soil, temperature and other environmental conditions. However, to get adapted with the modern advancement in agriculture fields and some requirements like cultivation in space, rooftop cultivation, hydroculture (growing plant without soil) ETC, it is important to have the proper knowledge of germination and germinating rates. The ARDUSAT is going to be printed via 3D printer. The Filament used is made up of PLA material. The Dimensions of the ARDUSAT is going to be 10 by 10 by 10 cm. The Balloon will carry the satellite till the height of 20km to 25 km. The Balloon is made up of latex while the gas filled is helium .

APPARATUS

1. MAGNETOMETER

Magnetometer is an useful instrument spacecraft altitude control and for measuring magnetic field and magnetic dipole moment. Her in this mission it is used for scientific investigations plus altitude sensing. The Magnetometer used here is a 3axis MAG3110.
Figure 1 Magnetometer(MAG3110)
2. GYRO 

A control moment gyroscope (CMG) is an attitude control device generally used in spacecraft attitude control systems. A CMG consists of a spinning rotor and one or more motorized gimbals that tilt the rotor's angular momentum. Here we have used one Gyro(3axis) ITG-3200.

Figure 2 Gyro sensor

3. TEMPERATURE SENSOR 

A temperature sensor is an electronic device that measures the temperature of its environment and converts the input data into electronic data to record, monitor, or signal temperature changes. There are many different types of temperature sensors. Here, two types of temperature sensor are being used namely: . Infrared Temperature sensor ( MLX90614): To detect motion by measuring fluctuations in temperature in the field of view. Here only one infrared Temparature sensor has been used of 2cm by 5 cm approx. INTRODUCTION ARDUSAT Abstract Ardusat is an Arduino-based satellite which is having dimensions of 10 by 10 by 10 cm the exterior material i.e the body of the satellite is made up of 3D printing like PLA (polylactic acid). The aim of this mission is that one can understand the atmospheric conditions in the stratosphere of earth. This mission is going to take place by the use of a weather balloon which will take the satellite up to the altitude of 20 to 25 km. The satellite is taking some seeds which are having low germination rate so that during the period of a few hours the different atmospheric parameters would start their effect on the seeds and due to that there might be different results that can be seen by the seeds after there germination and it would be noticeable when the plant grows this will take us to the that how the future of space farming is. The payload weight of the satellite will not be more than 2kg and the material by which the weather balloon is made up of Latex. There are numerous amount of sensors attached to the satellite so that we can get the exact data and also a cmos camera is attached so that satellite can take video and photos . Figure 4 Infrared temperature sensor Figure 3 Digital temperature sensor rr Figure 5 Geiger-MULLER Tube Figure 6 Spectrometer Figure 7 Cmos camera . Digital Temperature sensor (TMP102): To measure the degree of temperature present in that particular region. Here 4 of them have been taken in use of 1.6 mm by  1.6mm
Figure 4 Infrared temperature 

Figure 3 Digital temperature


4. GEIGER TUBE

It is an instrument for detecting and measuring ionization radiation basically all type of radiation: alpha, beta and gamma radiation. It consists of all pair of electrodes surrounded by gas, the gas usually used is Helium or Argon. Here two Geiger counter tubes(LND716) is being used of 24.5mm by 5.2 mm.

Figure 5 Geiger-MULLER Tub


5. OPTICAL SPECTROMETER

The basic function of a spectrometer is to take in light, break it into its spectral components, digitize the signal as a function of wavelength, and read it out and display it through a computer. In most spectrometers, the divergent light is then collimated by a concave mirror and directed onto a grating. Here only one spectrometer is being used

Figure 6 Spectrometer


6. CMOS CAMERA (1.3 MP) 

The CMOS sensor components are integrated onto a single chip, unlike CCDs, which have off-chip components. This integrated setup consumes as much as 100 times less power than CCDs, allows for smaller camera systems, and can be designed with radiation-hard pixel architectures for space applications.

figure 7 Cmos camera

ASSEMBLY AND FINAL MODEL 

1. Seeds The seeds which are going to be used in this mission to determine the germination rate are fenugreek seed, sunflower seeds, pomegranate seeds. The particular reason to choose only these seeds is because these seeds have fast germination and capable enough to perform germination even after being exposed to microgravity present up there in the orbit. So, to find difference in germination rates of seeds that are germinated on Earth and the ones which were sent with the CubeSat. Lakshya Space itself performed Germination of Seeds on Paper Towel. The Seeds are divided into two parts namely- Seeds A and Seeds B
Seeds A: The seeds those were germinated on Earth itself are denoted as Seeds A. These were germinated using the paper towel technique which is used by many Gardeners swear, this technique is quite effective because this causes the germination to take place 3 times faster! Some seeds namely fenugreek seed, sunflower seeds, pomegranate seeds were taken in a slightly wet paper towel and some water was sprinkled on them and they were covered completely in that slightly wet paper towel and kept for 6-7 hours under the normal room temperature. After the time period completed the results shown in figure 8 have been observed. The time period of Germination of these seeds, germination rate, growth in length and time period were recorded so as to cross check them with Seeds B


figure 8 paper towel germination of seeds 

Seeds B:  The Seeds are going to be sent in the Earth’s orbits via CubeSat which will get exposed to the atmosphere present up there in the Earth’s orbit. The results of different parameters they got exposed to along with their germination rate will be crossed checked with Seeds A.

Figure 10 PCB designed by Lakshya space


2. ARDUSAT

.The CubeSat will carry the satellites primary payload i.e approximately equal to 1 kg and is the bank of Arduino processors on which student/DIY code may run. The Arduino processors may sample data from the satellite imaging payload, a 1.3megapixel optical CMOS camera module, and/or any of the satellite’s on board sensors, which includes photo lux sensor, IR temperature, PCB temperature, 3-axis magnetometer, Geiger counter, 6-Dof IMU, and MEMS gyro. The Arduino UNOR3 is the main mother board it is going be connected with main PCB designed by Lakshya space itself shown in figure 9 and cross functioning will be presents and parent slip configuration is achieved. All the components will be placed in the ARUDSAT as shown in figure 9
  Figure 9 Components carried by ARDUSAT   
 
3. The BALLOON 

So by this mission, we can describe how the germination rate of seeds varies from the surface of the earth to the upper layers of the atmosphere and also the basic factors like precipitation rate, humidity , relative humidity, temperature and even radiation levels in the upper atmospheric layers of earth so that we will be able to find how much the ozone has been damaged in addition to it we will click many pictures and videos by our CMOS camera which can help us in mapping and knowing more about the earth's crust. The satellite will be carried via a Balloon filled with Helium gas in it and made up of latex, also a parachute will be attached to the balloon. the balloon will carry the satellite upto 20-30km above the Earth’s surface and after a particular, it will burst and the satellite then will be carried through the parachute attached to balloon which make satellite land on the Earth’s surface again. Working principle of the model So there are 3 stages of how this project or mission will take place that is as follows:- 1. Launch 2. Mid-air communication with the satellite 3. Soft Land So according to the principle of buoyancy, after the launch, the balloon will go ascent in the air as it goes up it will collect data on different factors of the atmosphere and then after it reaches the the range of 20 to 25 km it will burst due to continuous expansion of internal air pressure, after reaching the the altitude of 20km and above the seed experiment will begin during this procedure the satellite will be in continuous contact with the ground after the balloon bursts the parachute will open up to ensure the soft landing of the satellite. Now the most difficult part will be to maintain the mid-air communication with the satellite which will be initiated by our radiosonde equipment will use ultra-high frequency waves to be in communication with our satellite and after it comes to the ground due to the gravity it will be recovered via a tracker so that we can find out the exact location of the module
Figure 11 Balloon carrying the satellite
igure 12 :- Lakshya space ardusat design

CONCLUSION

So by this mission, we can describe how the germination rate of seeds varies from the surface of the earth to the upper layers of the atmosphere and also the basic factors like precipitation rate, humidity , relative humidity, temperature and even radiation levels in the upper atmospheric layers of earth so that we will be able to find how much the ozone has been damaged in addition to it we will click many pictures and videos by our CMOS camera which can help us in mapping and knowing more about the earth's crust.

REFERENCE

 1) Semantic Scholar Corpus ID: 55635806
 2)core.ac.uk - Ardusat space program (the next-generation satellite)
 3)ehub.ardusat - demosats and cubesats
 4)kickstarter - Ardusat an arduino expirement

1  SOHAM DESHPANDE
2   MEENAL SHARMA
 3 DEEPAK KURUBAR 
4   DHANUSH D B





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